For many people, the morning does not begin without a cup of black coffee. Drinking coffee before breakfast may help increase alertness and concentration, but it can affect people differently.
Black coffee is naturally acidic and may stimulate the production of stomach acid. For some people, particularly those with sensitive stomachs, this can lead to discomfort, heartburn or acid reflux.
Caffeine may also relax the lower esophageal sphincter, the muscle that helps prevent stomach acid from flowing back into the esophagus. As a result, people prone to reflux may experience worsening symptoms after drinking coffee on an empty stomach.
A 2022 review published in Nutrients found that coffee can stimulate stomach acid and gastrin production, although its relationship with acid reflux remains unclear. Some studies have linked coffee to increased reflux symptoms, while others have found no significant association. Researchers say individual responses can vary depending on factors such as the type of coffee, roasting method, preparation and whether it is consumed with food.
People with GERD, gastritis or a particularly sensitive stomach may therefore need to be cautious about drinking black coffee before eating. Consuming caffeine without food may also make some people feel more anxious or restless.
For those who tolerate coffee well, moderate consumption can have benefits, including increased alertness and mental clarity. Black coffee without sugar, milk or cream is also very low in calories.
However, drinking coffee on an empty stomach should not be considered a special health or weight-loss strategy. If coffee regularly causes discomfort, having it with food, changing the timing or trying a different preparation may help.
